Tropical Zoology is an international zoological journal publishing original papers in the field of systematics, biogeography, phylogeny, ecology and conservation of all terrestrial and aquatic animal Phyla from tropical and subtropical areas. Only papers with new information, high quality and broad interest are considered. Single species description and checklists are not normally accepted. Review papers are welcome. The journal is owned by the Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Florence, Italy (CNR-IRET) who performs research into the structure and functioning of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, focusing in particular on anthropogenic pressure and global change. The knowledge amassed forms the scientific basis for identifying the most appropriate protective and corrective interventions, and provides support for the bodies entrusted with formulating policies for environmental protection and recovery. Tropical Zoology has an impact factor of 0.9 (2025; Science Citation Index Expanded) and it is present in many literature indexes and databases such as Scopus, Scimago, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Essential Science Indicators, Zoological Record and many others. Photo credits: Saulo Bambi, Sistema Museale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sez. di Zoologia "La Specola", Florence, Italy
PAGEPress Scientific Publications, Pavia, Italy
Species richness and diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in a protected Brazilian dry forest
Dry forests in Brazil and their biodiversity are experiencing increasing anthropogenic pressures, leading to habitat fragmentation and loss. Monitoring and understanding local biodiversity provide essential data to support conservation efforts. Medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in a protected area within the Caatinga biome, Brazil, were assessed using camera traps. Twelve species were documented, including the nationally threatened taxa Leopardus tigrinus and Kerodon rupestris. The persistence of Subulo gouazoubira and felids indicates a functional food web and the ecological health of the area. The unexpected detection of Dicotyles tajacu emphasizes the need for further ecological research. Data on diel activity patterns provided novel insights, as such information is limited for these species in this habitat. However, threats such as poaching and invasive domestic animals within the Monumento Natural do Rio São Francisco disrupt these ecological interactions. Our findings underscore that conserving these mammals is critical for ecosystem resilience, emphasizing the need for urgent anti-poaching measures and habitat restoration to protect this unique dry forest community.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unravelling taxonomic ambiguity of the Mastacembelidae in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) through DNA barcoding and morphological approaches
Morphological-based species identification can be problematic for a comparative worldwide survey if taxonomic keys are limited and inconsistent, as illustrated in the family Mastacembelidae. This study combined DNA barcoding and morphological methods to test species identification of Mastacembelidae in the Mekong Delta with emphasis on taxonomic ambiguity of the precise identification of the fish locally known as chach bong. Fish specimens were collected from fishermen in different regions of the delta. Five presumed species within two genera were recorded. Samples were morphologically measured for morphometric and meristic traits. Representative samples of each species were sequenced at the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The number of dorsal fin spines and general morphological appearance are distinguishable among the five presumed species. However, morphometric measurements overlapped between Macrognathus semiocellatus and Macrognathus siamensis. K2P distances based on COI sequences among species were high, ranging from 12.4% to 18.7%. All individuals were separated into monophyletic groups of species, clustered into Mastacembelus and two Macrognathus lineages. Chach bong should be recognized as Mastacembelus favus and not Mastacembelus armatus as previously classified. No Mastacembelus armatus was recorded in the Mekong Delta. GenBank sequences of Mastacembelus armatus formed a sister relationship to Mastacembelus favus although both have the same range of number of dorsal fin spines and similar reticulated patterns on the body. Misidentification between these two species has been widely recorded in international databases of species taxonomy and DNA barcodes. Nonetheless, their genetic distance (12.4%) is higher than conspecific distances of samples from other regions, indicating the two species can be differentiated by DNA barcoding.
Diurnal activity patterns and feeding ecology of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in Ankober District at Kundi, North Shewa, Ethiopia
Theropithecus gelada is the primate species endemic to the central and northwestern highlands of Ethiopia and is the only extant species of the genus Theropithecus. Diurnal activity patterns and feeding behavior of geladas were studied at Kundi, Ankober district, Ethiopia from August 2017 to March 2018 to cover both wet and dry seasons. Scan sampling method was employed to study the activity patterns and feeding behavior of geladas in the study area. Activity scans were collected at 15-minutes intervals for up to 5 minutes duration from 0700 to 1730h. During each scan, individuals were recorded as performing one of the following behaviors: feeding, moving, resting, playing, aggression, grooming, sexual activity and others. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used in data analysis. During the wet season geladas spent grooming 20%, playing 19%, 14% resting, feeding 12%, other activity 11%, moving 9% and 3% in aggression. Geladas spent 27% feeding, 21% moving, 13% other activities, 12% aggression, 7% grooming, 7% playing and 4% resting during the dry season. There were significant differences in all activity time budgets between seasons except other activities. The total time spent feeding on grass blades and cereals were 25.5% and 23.5% in the study area, respectively. There was a significant difference between the age and sex classes of geladas in their activity time budgets. Eleven species of plants were recorded as the food of geladas in this study area. This study provides baseline information on the behavioral ecology of geladas outside protected areas.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Blessing the rains down in Africa: spatiotemporal behaviour of the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata (Mammalia: Rodentia) in the rainy and dry seasons, in the African savannah
The assessment of habitat selection and temporal patterns of activity rhythms is paramount for wildlife conservation. Studies on behavioural ecology of wild mammals are particularly challenging in tropical areas, mostly when involving rare or elusive species. Despite being a common species in Italy, the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata is threatened of extinction throughout most of its sub-Saharan range. All available information on the ecology of this species has been collected in Italy, whereas no data is present in the scientific literature on spatiotemporal behaviour of this large rodent in Africa. In this work, we attempted to determine habitat selection and temporal patterns of activity rhythms of the crested porcupine in northern Benin and neighbouring countries, through intensive camera-trapping. We collected a total of 146 records of crested porcupine, 91 in the dry season (October-March) and 55 in the rainy season (April-September). Porcupines used most habitats in proportion to their local availability, while selecting rock outcrop formations (possibly used as shelter sites) and avoiding open areas, wetlands and gallery forests. A mostly nocturnal behaviour was confirmed throughout the year, with some diurnal activity at the start and at the end of the rainy season. The importance of rains in determining birth peak has been also showed, with juvenile individuals always observed at the start and at the end of the rainy season. Full moon always inhibited activity of this large rodent, most likely evolved as an antipredatory behaviour to limit encounters with potential predators (common leopard Panthera pardus, spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta and honey badger Mellivora capensis) and humans. Poaching pressure towards porcupines in West Africa is strong. Porcupines are killed for the traditional medicine, for their meat and because they are widely considered as a crop pest. This assessment should therefore be used as a basic tool to design conservation plans to preserve this rodent species in its native range.
Activity patterns; habitat selection; moonlight avoidance; native range; wildlife camera-trapping
Morphology, development and reproduction of Atractomorpha acutipennis (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
For a better knowledge of Atractomorpha acutipennis bio-ecology and to facilitate its identification, we studied the morphology, development and reproduction of this grasshopper on Manihot esculenta under laboratory conditions. Five hundred and fifty-one first nymphal stages obtained in the laboratory were reared in cages. Some body parts allowed a clear identification of different nymphal instars. Post-embryonic development passed through six stages (males) and seven stages (females). Mean nymphal development time was 17.14 ± 0.62, 12.91 ± 0.62, 13.45 ± 0.69, 13.80 ± 0.68, 15.23 ± 0.55 days respectively in males nymphal instars 1 to 5 and 16.18 ± 0.54, 13.13 ± 0.59, 12.49 ± 0.42, 13.19 ± 0.58, 14.58 ± 0.61, 16.57 ± 0.68 days respectively, in females nymphal instars 1 to 6. Adult females deposited an average of 3.67 ± 2 egg pods each comprising 30.77 ± 10.5 eggs. First mating was observed 18 ± 15.42 days after the last moult. Oviposition occured on average 19.33± 5.33 days after the first mating. This study provides important information about the biology of A. acutipennis, which could help in developing control methods against this grasshopper in southern Cameroon.
Dispersal of Dioon edule cycad seeds by rodents in a tropical oak forest in Mexico
Predation of seeds of the cycad Dioon edule Lindl. by Peromyscus mexicanus (Saussure, 1860) has been previously documented, demonstrating that the seeds’ toxins are not harmful when combined with a varied diet. However, there is scarce evidence of P. mexicanus as a seed disperser. In a tropical oak forest in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, we experimented with seeds of D. edule and Quercus polymorpha Schltdl. and Cham., evaluating predators’ preference and recording it with photo-trapping. Burrows were sampled in concentric circles around a D. edule mother plant, and the types of burrows and condition of the seeds inside were identified with a borescope without destroying the burrows. The structure and composition of the forest were evaluated. The primary dispersion of D. edule seeds is by barochory. The rodents predate on seeds and prefer Q. polymorpha over D. edule (survival: 48.9% and 78.5%, respectively). There are more escape and multiple burrows at 3–6 m with mature oaks. Rodents forget or abandon D. edule seeds in the burrows, and such seeds germinate at 3–6 m. Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque, 1818) is a short-distance secondary disperser and predator of Dioon edule seeds.
New species and records of Exalloniscus Stebbing, 1911 from southern Asia (Malacostraca, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
The genus Exalloniscus is widely distributed in southern and eastern Asia. In this contribution, eight species are described as new: Exalloniscus schmalfussi from Nepal; E. siamensis from Thailand; E. kampucheaensis from Cambodia; E. tortilis and E. deharvengi from Vietnam; E. stilifer from southern China; E. burmaensis from Myanmar; and E. convexus from Laos. Ten more species are recorded: E. nepalensis from Nepal; E. coecus, E. brincki, E. bicoloratus, E. caudatus and E. maschwitzi from West Malaysia; E. sumatranus from Sumatra, Indonesia, and Singapore; E. papillosus from West Malaysia and Vietnam; and E. thailandensis from Laos. Exalloniscus bessoni Dalens, 1992 and E. yinae Nunomura and Xie, 2000 are considered to be junior synonyms of E. thailandensis Dalens, 1987. A map with the recorded distributions of all the 28 species of Exalloniscus is provided and their habitat is discussed.
Ethnozoological uses of wild animals among the Iraqw in Northern Tanzania
Historically, humans have developed knowledge of how to exploit and use wildlife species for food, clothing, traditional healing, and other purposes. This study aimed to determine the scale and scope of the ethnozoological uses of wild animals in the Iraqw community, in northern Tanzania. The study used semi-structured face-to-face questionnaire interviews with 45 key respondents in Endagaw, Mewadan, and Ng’wandakw villages in Mbulu District, to acquire the required data. The results found that 28 wild animal species including mammals (13 species), birds (12), insects (1), fish (1), and reptiles (1) were used by Iraqw for different purposes. Most species (n=23) were used mainly for food, namely helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), African savanna hare (Lemus microtis) and Hildebrandt’s francolin (Francolinus hildebrandti), while other wild animals were used for medicine, traditional beliefs, and rituals. This study provides information on the historical human-nature relationships and a baseline for developing future conservation efforts in the region to protect wild fauna. We recommend similar studies on other traditions and/or modern usages of wildlife to improve protection worldwide and that actions be taken to heighten community awareness of ethnozoological uses of faunal resources to ensure retention of this knowledge for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A record of thanatological type behaviour in spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777)
We note thanatological behavioural displays by clan members of a deceased spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777) in a fenced reserve. A matriarch had a lethal altercation with lions, Panthera leo (Linnæus 1758), on 10.V.2022. The carcass was monitored with a camera trap that recorded videos until the carcass was completely decayed. Four instances of clan members were recorded observing and sniffing the genitalia of the deceased hyaena over a period of six days. Within one month, the clan killed the deceased’s cubs and moved their den location. We recommend further research be conducted into thanatological behaviours of spotted hyaenas as these behaviours could affect ethical considerations of management practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dry-season habitat occupancy by ungulate tiger prey in the Hukaung Valley of northern Myanmar
We assessed habitat occupancy and distribution of principal tiger (Panthera tigris) ungulate prey species to assess factors affecting their occurrence and their potential contribution to low tiger presence in the core part of the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, in northern Myanmar. We surveyed for signs on 1,651 km of transects partitioned into 554 sampling units between November 2007 and May 2008. By incorporating seven environmental and four social covariates, we predicted habitat occupancy rates of 0.76 for gaur (Bos gaurus), 0.91 for sambar (Rusa unicolor), 0.57 for wild pigs (Sus scrofa), and 0.89 for northern red muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis). Overall, shorter Euclidean distances to ranger stations and trails, decreased stream density, and broadleaved evergreen/semi-deciduous forest and relatively rare rain-fed cropland habitat occurrence positively influenced prey habitat occupancy; conversely, shorter Euclidean distances to villages, roads, and streams, higher elevations, and occurrence of mixed broadleaved and needle-leaved forest habitat negatively influenced occupancy. In addition, Euclidean distance to ranger stations, trails, and roads positively affected species detections, whereas shorter Euclidean distance to villages and streams, high elevations, and high precipitation negatively affected detections. Results indicated that all four prey species were relatively well-distributed through the Sanctuary core area, but comparisons with indices of abundance elsewhere suggest that prey density was low and would not likely support many tigers.
Biogeographic analysis of the composition of the mammalian fauna of Togo (West Africa)
The Dahomey Gap in West Africa is a human-derived savannah-like vegetation zone interspersed by patches of moist forest, with large rainforest blocks at both West (Upper Guinean Forest) and East (Lower Guinean Forest) of its limits. Togo is a tiny country situated in the middle of the Dahomey Gap. In this paper, a biogeographic analysis of the composition of the mammalian fauna of Togo is presented, by classifying each species on the basis of five distinct ecological distribution patterns. The greatest proportion of species were Pan-African (88.0%). Excluding the Pan-African species from the analysis, the mammalian fauna appeared to be affiliated similarly to both Upper Guinean and Lower Guinean Forest blocks. Only three endemic species were observed, all of them being rodents: Cryptomys zechi (Batyergidae), Funisciurus substriatus (Sciuridae), and Leimacomys buettneri (Muridae). Considering only the multispecies genera, the great majority did not show any barrier effect by the Dahomey Gap on their own species, as all of them did occur on both sides of Togo. A barrier effect by the Dahomey Gap was uncovered in 8 genera; overall, the Dahomey Gap apparently showed a barrier effect on 28.6% of the multispecies genera. It is emphasized that the full understanding of the role of the Dahomey Gap as a biogeographic barrier and of its island forests as centers of endemism is impeded by the lack of biogeographic reviews and meta-analyses on the composition of faunal and floral groups of the entire region.
Post-release ecology of rehabilitated Hoffmann’s two-toed sloths in Panamá
The field of wildlife rescue and rehabilitation continues to grow as human expansion increases the rate of deforestation in Latin America. Sloths (Bradypus spp. and Choloepus spp.) are often admitted to rescue centers throughout Latin America due to their poor dispersal abilities and vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. Although post-release monitoring is fundamental to measuring the success of wildlife rescue programs, few studies have assessed the outcomes of releasing hand-reared sloths back into the wild. We studied the ecology of rehabilitated and relocated Hoffmann’s two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) in central Panamá during 2019- 2020. Eleven two-toed sloths rescued from the wild were hand-reared in captivity for 727±193 days and then radiomarked, placed in an outdoor 500 m2 soft-release enclosure for 3 months, and released in a nearby national park. While in the softrelease enclosure, two-toed sloths spent 80.0% of their time resting and became active and more alert in the evening (p=0.01). Upon release into the wild, two-toed sloths traveled a mean linear distance of 82.3±21.6 m and a mean distance of 25.6±9.5 m between successive radiolocations. The mean home range size was 2.92±1.19 ha, with females occupying larger areas than males. Two-toed sloths used trees with a smaller dbh than available (p≤0.001; p≤0.015) and selected trees with dense crowns and ≥50% lianas. Eight mortalities were recorded, with predation and natural causes being the main causes of mortality. Monthly survival was 0.72±0.14 and did not differ (p≤0.30) between males (1.00±0.00) and females (0.44±0.22). Rehabilitated two-toed sloths exhibited behavioral and space use patterns similar to wild two-toed sloths, with the exception of having lower survival rates following release in the wild. Our study provides information that can be useful in evaluating the efficacy of sloth rescue and rehabilitation programs throughout Latin America.
First record of rare mating behavior of Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas in Indonesia
We report the first observation of the mating behavior of the endangered Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) from Gunung Malabar Protected Forest in West Java and Alas Purwo National Park in East Java. We recorded the mating process of the Javan leopard using a camera trap on 20 November 2014 and 22 September 2020. We consider this to be the first record in the wild in Indonesia.
New species and records of the family Scleropactidae Verhoeff, 1938 from Venezuela (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Eight species in the family Scleropactidae are recorded from Venezuela. Three species are described as new: Colomboscia venezuelana n. sp. from the departments of Aragua and Miranda, Globopactes cristalinae n. sp. from the department of Trujillo, and Globopactes mucuyensis n. sp. from the department of Mérida. Globopactes senex and Neosanfilippia venezuelana have their distribution extended to the departments of Aragua and Carabobo, respectively.
Patterns of diversity, species richness and community structure in West African savannah small mammals (rodents and shrews)
Tropical savannah ecosystems are characterized by extensive grasslands with more or less sparse trees and thickets, and are threatened globally by anthropogenic forces. These grassland habitats house a rich and diversified fauna assemblage, with some of its conspicuous elements (for instance, small mammals) that have not been sufficiently investigated so far. In this paper, we meta-analyze the literature data available on the community structure and diversity patterns of shrews and rodents in West African savannahs. Overall, 10,197 small mammal individuals belonging to 111 species of Rodentia and 55 species of Soricomorpha were found in the various studies carried out in the countries covered by the present study. Studies using a combination of methods (e.g., live trapping, pitfalls, cover boards, visual encounter) detected more species in both Soricomorpha and Rodentia, and there was a positive survey (=trap ⁄ night) effort effect on the species richness in rodents. GLM models showed (i) that there was also no effect of trapping design (transect versus grid) on species richness per site, (ii) in both rodents and soricomorphs, the number of savannah species by country depended on the total species richness of that given country, but there was no effect of the relative surface covered by savannahs in that country. The number of sympatric species per site was 2.73± 1.7 (range = 1-7) in Soricomorpha and 6.33 ± 3.8 (range 1-15) in Rodentia. Dominance index was significantly different among countries, with Nigeria having lower values than all other countries and Ghana, Benin and Sierra Leone had significantly highest values. The conservation implications of the observed patterns are discussed.
Does size matter? Bat diversity and the use of rock shelters in Brazil
A positive correlation between cave size and bat diversity has been recorded by some authors for different cave areas in South America. We analyzed published and otherwise available data from three Brazilian karst areas and phytogeography domains, including NE and SE Atlantic Forest and Cerrado (savannah-like vegetation), encompassing a wide range of cave sizes. We found no such correlation, as expected in view of previous observations by researchers and speleologists. We discuss the ecological implications of different ways to measure bat diversity, i.e. the accumulative number of species (sequential use of caves) vs. the number of species at a given occasion (species in actual cohabitation) vs. bat abundance (numbers of individuals), as well as speleological topics related to the concept of caves (based on an anthropomorphic definition, not applicable to other species), the problems of estimating topographic variables such as cave area and volume, and the value of including cave temperatures in the analyses. Multiple interacting variables may influence the composition of cave bat communities and bat species richness and abundance. The most important ones would be the density of caves in a given area (related to lithology – calcareous vs. siliciclastic caves), regional climates, and degree of preservation of epigean habitat. Cave morphology, number and size of entrances, and presence of water bodies, as well as interactions with other species, must also be considered. In conclusion, as a general statement for tropical and subtropical bats, cave size (in the human sense) by itself does not matter, except perhaps for one-off situations. Finally, a brief overview of the diversity of cave bats in Brazil is presented.
Bat flies: source of supplement nutrients for an endemic Malagasy fruit bat
Among frugivorous vertebrates, the nutritional composition of consumed fruits often needs supplementing by other food types, such as leaves, pollen or invertebrates, to meet dietary requirements. The endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis (Pteropodidae), actively feeds on their dipteran fly ectoparasites, principally of the family Nycteribiidae and Streblidae, during grooming activities. Since bat flies take blood meals from their hosts, the consumption of these flies by bats might represent a mechanism of recycling and reducing the loss of important nutritional components, such as minerals or proteins and fatty acids. The contribution of these ectoparasites to the diet of R. madagascariensis is 4–10% of the daily protein requirements. This is an important proportion for a species considered to be exclusively frugivorous.
Range extension of the Nahan’s partridge (Ptilopachus nahani) in Cameroon evidenced by camera traps
Nahan’s Partridge Ptilopachus nahani is a lowland forest bird species, classified as Vulnerable. This study reports new camera trap detections in southeastern Cameroon, suggesting a potential westward range extension of over 1,000 km, given that the nearest known population is located in western Uganda. Between May 2016 and December 2023, six detection events confirmed the presence of at least nine distinct individuals within semi-deciduous logged forests. These findings highlight the need to update distribution maps and conservation strategies for this vulnerable species. Future ecological and genetic studies are essential to clarify the species’ full range, assess population connectivity, and guide conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Distribution and seasonality of Rutela lineola (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) in the South Region of Brazil
Rutela lineola (Linnaeus, 1758) is a phytophagous Neotropical beetle and the most widely distributed species of the genus in South America. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge regarding the distribution and seasonality of this species in any geographic area. This information would be useful for horticulture and agriculture. To fill this gap, this study presents data on the distribution and seasonality of R. lineola based on adult beetles from the South Region of Brazil.
Seasonal shifts in olive baboon (Papio anubis) activity budgets at Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria: adaptive strategies in a changing environment
Understanding the activity budgets of primates is essential for assessing behavioral adaptations to environmental changes. This study investigates the seasonal variation in activity budgets of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. Data were collected over two consecutive years using direct observations and scan sampling to categorize behaviors, including feeding, grooming, resting, locomotion, and social interactions. We observed that feeding remained the dominant activity across seasons, with no significant differences between wet and dry periods. Grooming and social interactions declined during the wet season, likely due to environmental constraints such as heavy rainfall. Enforced resting increased significantly in the wet season, while movements remained consistent in duration but increased in distance traveled, suggesting seasonal behavioral shifts in response to resource availability. Our results confirmed the adaptability of olive baboons in response to climatic variations, demonstrating behavioral flexibility to optimize energy expenditure and foraging efficiency. Our study also revealed a remarkable impact of environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, on primate activity patterns. Understanding these adaptive responses is crucial for conservation planning, particularly as climate change, habitat disturbances and other anthropogenic activity affect primate habitats in tropical savannahs.
An annotated checklist of terrestrial small mammals of Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda based on recent reassessments (2009–2023)
Terrestrial small mammals, including rodents, shrews and a few allied species, are a diverse group among mammals. Nyungwe National Park, located in Rwanda, is a biologically rich tropical rainforest in the Albertine Rift. This article generates an annotated species checklist of terrestrial small mammals of Nyungwe National Park, considering the results of field reassessments from 2009 to 2023 and existing checklists. Voucher specimens and Cytb sequencing results were examined to confirm the identification of many cryptic species. The results indicated 58 species of terrestrial small mammals of Nyungwe natural habitat, including 40 rodents (Rodentia), 16 shrews (Eulipotyphla), one mole, and one otter-shrew (Afrosoricida). Six species were recorded outside the natural forest, such as the buffer zone or agricultural lands. An annotation on each species indicates details of its occurrence, updated taxonomic information, and key ecological characteristics based on our surveys and the literature. Around 20 species were added to the existing checklists of Nyungwe terrestrial small mammals owing to field survey efforts and advanced taxonomic approaches. The current checklist promotes small mammal studies in Nyungwe and will be a valuable reference for future studies. Furthermore, the park managers will use this checklist in tourism and biodiversity monitoring plans.
Population estimation and activity budget of the endemic gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in the North Wollo Highlands, Ethiopia
Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is the only extant species in the genus Theropithecus that is endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. At present, three subspecies of geladas, namely the northern, central, and southern subspecies, are recognized. This study focused on the central gelada subspecies (T. g. obscurus). We documented the population size estimate and activity budget of geladas in the North Wollo Highlands, Ethiopia, from January 2019 to August 2019 during the dry and wet seasons. The study site was divided into four blocks and a simultaneous total count method within each block was used for data collection to estimate the population size of geladas. Activity budget data were collected using the instantaneous scan sampling method from two groups of geladas. The population size of geladas varied between the dry and the wet seasons with more individuals counted during the wet season. Mean group sizes of geladas were also higher during the wet season than the dry season. Geladas spent relatively more time foraging compared to other activities. The findings of the study provide important implications for conservation and thus by briefly mentioning the potential threats to the endemic gelada population could further emphasize the urgency of conservation efforts.
Relationship between soil physico-chemical parameters and the diversity of terrestrial gastropods in the Tizi-Ouzou region (northern Algeria)
The malacological biodiversity of the Tizi-Ouzou region was studied in two areas, Ait Bouaddou and Yakouren. Sampling was carried out on 100 m² sites across seven stations in the two areas. Three sampling methods were used in the field: sight hunting, trapping and litter sieving. A soil sample was taken at each site. The results revealed a richness of 27 snail and slug species, divided into 16 families and 23 genera. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between species richness and the levels of Fine Sand (LF) and Coarse Sand (LG), and a negative correlation between species richness and coarse sand (SG). Soil physico-chemical parameters have a significant influence on the distribution and abundance of terrestrial gastropod species.
First record of the family Korethrasteridae (Asteroidea: Velatida) from Japan and descriptions of two new species
Two new species, Remaster boninensis n. sp. and Peribolaster niveus n. sp., from Japanese waters have been described. These species have been included in the family Korethrasteridae, based on the presence of a plump and petaloid body shape, absence of a supradorsal membrane, interradial grooves floored by chevron plates, and transversely extending adambulacral plates. These were the first species of Korethrasteridae found in Japanese waters. Remaster boninensis n. sp. was assigned to the genus Remaster in having distally flaring abactinal spines that are united by the skin into hollow funnel-shaped paxillae, but it differs from the congeners in the number of arms, absence of noticeable primary radial plates, and length of interradial grooves. Peribolaster niveus n. sp. was assigned to the genus Peribolaster in having acicular abactinal spines that are united by the skin into hollow funnel-shaped paxillae, but it differs from the congeners in the presence of noticeably flaring actinolateral spines, one suboral spine on each oral plate, and biserial tube feet.
Remnants of an ancient world: three new genera and three new species of Calabozoidea isopods from Brazilian semi-arid caves (Crustacea: Isopoda)
Newly discovered cave-restricted species found within the Jandaíra karst formation in Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil, have unveiled three new calabozoid species. To accommodate their unique differences based in the shape of the head shield, the pleon morphology, and the pleopods exopod shape, the genera Oiticicarcinia n. gen., Itararecarcinia n. gen., and Poicarcinia n. gen. were established. Specifically, Oiticicarcinia epikarstica n. sp. was discovered in cave epikarst pools within Felipe Guerra municipality, while Itararecarcinia yapyra n. sp. was found in two karst resurgence caves along the Apodi-Mossoró River in Governador Dix-Sept Rosado municipality. Additionally, Poicarcinia jandairensis n. sp. was identified in Jandaíra municipality. This study presents detailed descriptions of these new genera and associated species, complemented by ecological insights, habitat descriptions, and conservation status.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First observation of mating behavior of the endangered forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii in the wild
We report the first observation of mating in the endangered forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii Flerov, 1929) in the wild. The mating took place on 21 January 2023 at a latrine site within karst habitat in Huu Lien Nature Reserve, northern Vietnam. In total, we obtained around ten minutes of camera-trap video footage showing two different mating events of the same individuals. The event highlights the potential importance of latrine sites for interactions among forest musk deer. Our observation provides new insight into the ecology and behavior of this rare and elusive species.
Predicting the potential geographic distribution of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in Ethiopia based on MaxEnt ecological niche model: implication for conservation
Predictive species distribution models allow identifying suitable areas of animal for their conservation. Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) is an endemic primate species to Ethiopia, and the exact distribution ranges and suitable habitats of this species are not well known due to limited surveys. The species distribution model was prepared using MaxEnt to predict the potential geographic distribution and to identify the environmental factors that influence the distribution of gelada in Ethiopia. To prepare the model, 23 occurrence records of the species were used along with 20 climatic and topographic variables. The results show that the distribution of gelada is influenced by climatic and non-climatic variables. The minimum temperature of coldest month, altitude and mean temperature of driest quarter were the most important predictor variables. The predictive map of the species shows that high habitat suitability is found in the northern highlands (a majority in the Amhara region and few parts of the Tigray region) and in the central highlands (Oromia region). The present study indicates that gelada has a potential distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia, and this requires further exploration for conservation and management.
New records and new species of the troglobitic genus Xangoniscus (Crustacea: Isopoda: Styloniscidae)
New collections from caves in Bahia state, northeastern Brazil, have revealed additional occurrences of Xangoniscus species. These findings have led to the identification of previously unknown, taxonomically significant morphological features for the genus, including the presence of a depression on the propodus and an expansion of the carpus in pereopod 6 in males of certain species. This study reports new records of X. aganju and provides updated illustrations of the genus’ type species. Moreover, four new species are described: Xangoniscus paiabare n. sp., collected from caves in the Padre Cave System in Santana municipality; Xangoniscus tymaopeba n. sp., from Serra Solta II and III caves; Xangoniscus ykanhema n. sp., from Google Cave, both in Serra do Ramalho municipality; and Xangoniscus puku n. sp., found in PEA- 445 Cave, in Santa Maria da Vitória municipality, all in Bahia state. The discovery of these new species underscores the remarkable diversity of Xangoniscus in subterranean habitats and highlights the Serra do Ramalho region as a significant center of endemism for the species of this genus. The descriptions of these taxa not only expand the known biodiversity of troglobitic isopods in Brazil but also shed light on their morphological variation, offering valuable insights into the evolutionary adaptations of these cave-dwelling organisms.
Life history of Mexican species of the genus Tlaloc (Cyprinodontiformes, Profundulidae)
Fish of the genus Tlaloc are distributed from southern Mexico to Central America and are a distinctive example of the endemic fauna of the Mesoamerican highlands, which has been scarcely studied in Mexico. The present study provides basic life-history data for the species Tlaloc hildebrandi, T. candalarius, and T. labialis, which are native to the headwaters of the Grijalva-Usumacinta basin in southeastern Mexico. We collected 918 specimens to determine their Length-Weight Relationship (LWR), Relative Condition Factor (Kr), sex ratio, Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), fecundity, and size at first sexual maturity. Both sexes of all species had positive allometric growth, except for T. candalarius females (isometric). Mean Kr and sex ratio values differed significantly among species. Females’ GSI values differed significantly among species but were highest during the dry season in all three species. Absolute fecundity was positively correlated with standard length and weight. Sexual maturity was reached at different lengths among species. Based on these results, we suggest that all three species present an opportunistic life strategy, which is very common in fish of the order Cyprinodontiformes. These results represent a first contribution on the life-history of this group of fish and provide basic information that is fundamental to ensuring their conservation.
Different habitat condition proportions on farms affect the structure and diversity of dung beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) communities
The continuous changes and increase of land use into ranching and agriculture have caused shifts in the composition and structure of dung beetle communities due to the modification of vegetation structure. The impact of these changes can be approached using dung beetles as ecological indicators. Agricultural, ranching, and forestry are often integrated into the same farm in different proportions (landscape level), and their degree of integration with habitats changes over time and space. We assessed if different habitat proportions of crop, pasture, and forest land on three farms affect the structure and diversity of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) communities. Farms included from three to four habitat conditions each (plantations of timber species, banana-coffee plantation, living fences, pastures, secondary and riparian forest). Pitfall traps with dung and carrion as bait were placed across each habitat condition of each farm during three different sampling periods. Across all samplings, 1,198 dung beetle individuals belonging to 21 species were captured. Species diversity and composition vary according to the type of farm and the main factor that modifies this tendency is the proportion of pasture land composing the farm. Farms with a lower proportion of grazing land (11.96% for forestry farms and 32.19% for agricultural farms) and denser vegetation canopy, which cast more shadows, had greater beetle diversity. Conversely, farms having a greater proportion of grazing land had low diversity and a dominant tendency in the species abundance curve. Umbraphile species dominated the forest farm, indicating a strong affinity for shaded environments such as the one provided there, while species displaying no habitat preference exhibited higher abundance in the ranching farm. Additionally, a notable prevalence of small-sized species was observed in the ranching farm, contrasting with a relatively even distribution of sizes in the remaining landscapes. These tendencies suggest that shade positively influences biodiversity conservation. Riparian vegetation, living fences, and banana-coffee plantations are important connectivity elements in agricultural landscapes for shade-adapted dung beetle species.